Express Paper
Who Controls the Space? Artistic Intent and Sound Diffusion in Immersive Concert Performance
Express Paper · Paper 442 · May 2026
Abstract
High-density loudspeaker arrays (HDLAs) and spatial rendering systems are enabling new immersive concert
formats that challenge established roles and workflows in live sound. This paper presents a case study of an
immersive concert by the Danish folk/pop band NEBULAH. The analysis combines interviews with artist, sound
engineer, and audience members. Results show that spatial audio is not primarily perceived as a technical effect,
but as an environmental condition for listening, reflecting a shift toward an environmental mode of listening.
Furthermore, spatial diffusion operates as a performative practice, repositioning the sound engineer as an active
musical agent. Finally, the findings reveal a persistent tension between stage-centric concert conventions and
distributed spatial reproduction. The paper contributes an empirical account of immersive concerts as a hybrid and
emerging performance paradigm shaped by both artistic intent and system constraints.
