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This paper presents the main ideas behind ctfr, an extensible, user-friendly Python package for efficiently combining time-frequency representations (TFRs) of audio signals into a single representation that captures the best aspects of each, achieving high resolutions in both time and frequency. The authors develop and evaluate algorithmic tweaks and approximation schemes for existing TFR combination methods, with significant performance improvements over baseline implementations. In addition, combined TFRs are employed in training a deep learning system for note transcription from audio performances, showing improved results over traditional TFRs, thus demonstrating the effectiveness of using combination methods in audio processing and music information retrieval pipelines.
Author (s): Boechat, Bernardo A.;
da Costa, Maurício V. M.;
Biscainho, Luiz W. P.;
Affiliation:
Signals, Multimedia and Telecommunications Laboratory, Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering/Polytechnic School, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Signals, Multimedia and Telecommunications Laboratory, Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering/Polytechnic School, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Signals, Multimedia and Telecommunications Laboratory, Electrical Engineering Program/Alberto Luiz Coimbra Institute of Graduate Studies and Research in Engineering, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Signals, Multimedia and Telecommunications Laboratory, Electrical Engineering Program/Alberto Luiz Coimbra Institute of Graduate Studies and Research in Engineering, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Music Technology and Digital Musicology Lab, Institute for Musicology and Music Pedagogy, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
(See document for exact affiliation information.)
Publication Date:
2026-05-12
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17743/jaes.2022.0266
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Boechat, Bernardo A.; da Costa, Maurício V. M.; Biscainho, Luiz W. P.; 2026; Methods for Combining Time-Frequency Representations: A Python Package [PDF]; Signals, Multimedia and Telecommunications Laboratory, Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering/Polytechnic School, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Signals, Multimedia and Telecommunications Laboratory, Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering/Polytechnic School, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Signals, Multimedia and Telecommunications Laboratory, Electrical Engineering Program/Alberto Luiz Coimbra Institute of Graduate Studies and Research in Engineering, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Signals, Multimedia and Telecommunications Laboratory, Electrical Engineering Program/Alberto Luiz Coimbra Institute of Graduate Studies and Research in Engineering, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Music Technology and Digital Musicology Lab, Institute for Musicology and Music Pedagogy, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany; Paper ; Available from: https://aes.org/publications/elibrary-page/?id=23140
Boechat, Bernardo A.; da Costa, Maurício V. M.; Biscainho, Luiz W. P.; Methods for Combining Time-Frequency Representations: A Python Package [PDF]; Signals, Multimedia and Telecommunications Laboratory, Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering/Polytechnic School, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Signals, Multimedia and Telecommunications Laboratory, Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering/Polytechnic School, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Signals, Multimedia and Telecommunications Laboratory, Electrical Engineering Program/Alberto Luiz Coimbra Institute of Graduate Studies and Research in Engineering, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Signals, Multimedia and Telecommunications Laboratory, Electrical Engineering Program/Alberto Luiz Coimbra Institute of Graduate Studies and Research in Engineering, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Music Technology and Digital Musicology Lab, Institute for Musicology and Music Pedagogy, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany; Paper ; 2026 Available: https://aes.org/publications/elibrary-page/?id=23140
@article{Boechat2026methods,
title={{Methods for Combining Time-Frequency Representations: A Python Package}},
author={Boechat, Bernardo A. and da Costa, Maurício V. M. and Biscainho, Luiz W. P.},
year={2026},
month={may},
journal={Journal of the Audio Engineering Society},
volume={74},
number={5},
pages={336-348},
}
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