A strong understanding of psychoacoustic cues is necessary for effective 3D sound reproduction, and the vertical aspects of acoustics and psychoacoustics become even more important than for stereo. This study investigated vertical inter-channel time differences (ICTDs) for frontal imaging in the Auro-3D 9.1 loudspeaker configuration. It was found that vertical ICTDs had a significant effect on perceived images, indicating the operation of the precedence effect in the vertical direction. In particular, 5 ms was found to be a threshold for maximal source elevation. Above this threshold, elevation effects were less prominent but ICTDs significantly increased both phantom image width and vertical spread. The techniques established in this study can assist in the creation of effective immersive content.
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