Finalized in 2001, the MPEG-7 Audio standard provides a universal toolbox for the content-based description of audio material. While the descriptive elements defined in this standard may be used for many purposes, audio fingerprinting (i.e. automatic identification of audio content) was already among the initial set of target applications that were conceived during the design of the standard. This paper reviews the basics of MPEG-7 based audio fingerprinting and explains how the technology has been used in a number of real-world applications, including metadata search engines, database maintenance, broadcast monitoring and audio identification on embedded systems. Appropriate selection of fingerprinting parameters and performance numbers are discussed.
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