Download Entire Journal (6.9MB)
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| Volume 52 Number 3 | 2004 March |
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CONTENT Download Entire Journal (6.9MB) |
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| INTRODUCTION | |
| High-Resolution Audio (PDF-10K) | |
| Rhonda J. Wilson | 116 |
| PAPERS | |
| Coding for High-Resolution Audio Systems (PDF-658K) | |
| J. Robert Stuart | 117 |
| To achieve the highest audio quality, one must consider not only each component of the chain but also the entire chain as a system. Furthermore, quality acquires a meaning that depends on the goals, application, and cost tradeoff. Choices for each element-such as sampling rate, encoding format, word size, filtering, and noise floors-may or may not influence the auditory quality of the total system. A review of various channel-coding methods within the context of auditory perception illustrates the principle of a "coding space," which is the amount of useful information preserved or destroyed. For example, in an archival application the encoding noise floor should be at least two bits lower than the self-noise of the best audio signal. | |
| Comment on this paper | |
| Audio Analog-to-Digital Converters (PDF-253K) | |
| Mike Story | 145 |
| By considering the requirements for audio conversion within the wider context of conversion applications, we can better appreciate the implication of choosing a particular approach. Choices include: one bit versus multibit, use of feedback or multistage sequential processing, and switched capacitor versus continuous time. A review of the resulting performance shows the delicate balance among such parameters as accuracy, frequency, and burdens on implementation. | |
| Comment on this paper | |
| Future Design Challenges for Audio Converter Products (PDF-98K) | |
| Julian Hayes, John Pennock, and Anthony Magrath | 159 |
| Extensive discussion about the theoretical limits of various digital conversion techniques, while interesting,ignore the practical implications of implementation difficulties. Physical devices, under economic pressure from the requirement of high yield and low expense, degrade performance to a significant degree. Chip designers must contend with timing errors, substrate noise, internal crosstalk, mismatched components, temperature gradients, nonlinear slew rates, wiring inductance, nonuniform doping, impurities, and numerous other issues. Special processes and computer modeling help reduce these corrupting influences, but problems still remain when attempting to achieve performance to the theoretical limits. | |
| Comment on this paper | |
| One-Bit Audio: An Overview (PDF-240K) | |
| Derk Reefman and Erwin Janssen | 166 |
| While the CD format solidified full digital words of 16 to 24 bit as an audio coding standard, digital conversion technology moved toward oversampling using a few bits or only one bit. By using noise shaping within a sigma-delta modulator, one-bit conversion can produce very high-quality audio. A review of the various implications leads to the conclusion that one-bit coding is an attractive approach rather than converting to the traditional pulse-code modulation. | |
| Comment on this paper | |
| Lossless Compression of One-Bit Audio (PDF-166K) | |
| Eric Knapen, Derk Reefman, Erwin Janssen, and Fons Bruekers | 190 |
| Because the goal of the Super Audio CD is to produce the highest quality, lossless compression offers a way to reduce the storage capacity without sacrificing quality. A proposed design produces compression by using a prediction filter operating on a one-bit audio stream and then uses a probability lookup table to achieve a compression rate greater than 2.5:1 on typical music samples. However, the benefits produce a small uncertainty in playing time. Instantaneous compression rate varies dramatically over the extremes of peak transients or noise and intervals of silence. | |
| Comment on this paper | |
| Pulse-Code Modulation-An Overview (PDF-185K) | |
| Stanley P. Lipshitz and John Vanderkooy | 200 |
| The authors provide an overview of pulse-code modulation. They graphically demonstrate the properties of sampling and reconstruction, establishing that PCM allows band-limited signals to be time accurate to infinite precision. Any bandwidth can be accommodated with proper choice of the sampling frequency. The correct use of dither is described. It renders a multibit quantization distortionless and perfect in the sense that it adds only a benign signal-independent noise. Any SNR can be accommodated with appropriate choice of wordlength. The use of noise-shaping allows a tradeoff between in-band and out-of-band noise levels, and between wordlength and sample rate. The authors conclude that PCM forms the logical way for a digital audio system to best encompass high-resolution audio. | |
| Comment on this paper | |
| Antialias Filters and System Transient Response at High Sample Rates (PDF-291K) | |
| Peter G. Craven | 216 |
| With the use of very high sampling rates, a designer has additional options for balancing the conflicting requirements in both the time and frequency domains. Lower sampling rates require brick-wall filters, which produce time smear. By using a class of gentle frequency filters, called apodizing, pre- and postringing can be reduced or removed. It is argued that these temporal artifacts justify the use of higher sampling rates. While there is no attempt to prove which combination of parameters is perceptually optimum, there are clearly a wide range of choices and consequences. | |
| Comment on this paper | |
| The MLP Lossless Compression System for PCM Audio (PDF-363K) | |
| M. A. Gerzon, P. G. Craven, J. R. Stuart, M. J. Law, R. J. Wilson | 243 |
| As an alternative to the standard types of compression, a lossless architecture does not need to consider perceptual issues because the recovered audio is identical to the original. However in exchange for this property, the compression rate depends on the signal details at any given moment. By using a novel four-level approach that incorporates matrices, a high degree of compression is readily obtained. Error checking and repair makes such an approach very robust. | |
| Comment on this paper | |
| LETTERS TO THE EDITOR | |
| Comments on "Differences in Performance and Preference of Trained versus Untrained Listeners in Loudspeaker Tests: A Case Study" (PDF-18K) | 261 |
| Kenneth Gundry | |
| Author's Reply | 261 |
| Sean E. Olive | |
| CORRECTIONS | |
| Correction to "Comments on 'Analysis of Traditional and Reverberation-Reducing Methods of Room Equalization'" (PDF-11K) | 262 |
| John N. Mourjopoulos | |
| STANDARDS AND INFORMATION DOCUMENTS | |
| AES Standards Committee News (PDF-174K) | 263 |
| Audio metadata for libraries and archives; loudspeaker measurements; shielding and EMI | |
| FEATURES | |
| 116th Convention Preview, Berlin (PDF-221K) | 266 |
| Exhibitors (PDF-557K) | 268 |
| Exhibit Previews (PDF-2.6MB) | 272 |
| Audio Gets Smart: A Workshop on Semantic Audio Analysis (PDF-283K) | 288 |
| Audio for Games: Let the Games Continue (PDF-131K) | 292 |
| 117th Convention, San Francisco, Call for Papers (PDF-13K) | 319 |
| 26th Conference, Baarn, Call for Papers (PDF-24K) | 320 |
| DEPARTMENTS | |
| News of the Sections (PDF-181K) | 297 |
| Sound Track (PDF-30K) | 302 |
| Upcoming Meetings (PDF-15K) | 303 |
| Available Literature (PDF-12K) | 304 |
| Membership Information (PDF-109K) | 305 |
| Advertiser Internet Directory (PDF-71K) | 307 |
| In Memoriam (PDF-315K) | 316 |
| AES Annual Report (PDF-13K) | 321 |
| Sections Contacts Directory (PDF-34K) | 322 |
| AES Conventions and Conferences (PDF-63K) | 328 |
| EXTRAS | |
| Cover & Sustaining Members List (PDF-33K) | |
| VIP List & Editorial Staff (PDF-27K) | |
| Ads In This Issue (HTML) | |